Few people realize that Galera/Percona XtraDB (PXC) replication can be encrypted via SSL for secure transfer of your replicated data. Setting this up is actually quite easy to do and probably will look familiar to a lot of people.
Setting up SSL and Galera
Create and propagate a single key/cert pair
First, we create a private key/cert pair:
[root@node1 ssl]# openssl req -new -x509 -days 365000 -nodes -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key ..............+++ ................................................................+++ writing new private key to 'key.pem' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]: State or Province Name (full name) []: Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]: Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: [root@node1 ssl]# ls -lah total 16K drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Apr 1 12:08 . dr-xr-x---. 4 root root 4.0K Apr 1 12:03 .. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.2K Apr 1 12:08 cert.pem -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7K Apr 1 12:08 key.pem
Note that we are creating a certificate with a very long expiration time. If you use the default expiration of 1 year, your cluster will fail on the first state change after the expiration date has past.
Note also that we currently need to use the same cert and key on every node, so our next step is to copy these files to all our other nodes. Technically you should probably do this over a secure channel between the nodes via ssh or similar:
[root@node1 ssl]# scp *.pem root@node2:.
Once we have the files on all nodes, let’s put them into /etc/mysql so they are in a common place with correct permissions:
[root@node1 ssl]# mkdir /etc/mysql [root@node1 ssl]# mv *.pem /etc/mysql [root@node1 ssl]# cd /etc/mysql [root@node1 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /etc/mysql/ [root@node1 mysql]# chmod -R o-rwx /etc/mysql/ [root@node1 mysql]# ls -lah total 16K drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4.0K Apr 1 12:12 . drwxr-xr-x. 60 root root 4.0K Apr 1 12:12 .. -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 1.2K Apr 1 12:08 cert.pem -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 1.7K Apr 1 12:08 key.pem
These are just examples of how you might do it. Just take care to not expose your private key and keep it secure as possible while still getting it copied amongst your nodes.
Configuring Galera
The configuration here is quite easy:
wsrep_provider_options = "socket.ssl_cert=/etc/mysql/cert.pem; socket.ssl_key=/etc/mysql/key.pem"
We simply configure the wsrep provider with our certificate and key files on all our nodes.
However, it’s not possible to have a mixed cluster where some have SSL and some do not. This is best configured when you are setting up a new cluster, but if you need to add this on a production system, you’ll unfortunately need to rebootstrap the cluster and take a [brief] outage.
In my case, I have an existing non-SSL cluster, so to re-bootstrap, I simply:
[root@node3 mysql]# service mysql stop [root@node2 mysql]# service mysql stop [root@node1 mysql]# service mysql stop [root@node1 mysql]# service mysql start --wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm:// [root@node2 mysql]# service mysql start [root@node3 mysql]# service mysql start
There should be no need for SST in this case: each node was shutdown cleanly, and brought back up cleanly. As soon as the first node is restarted with SSL enabled, all future nodes must also have it enabled.
Other SSL options
It is also possible to set the following options (though they seem to have sane defaults to me):
- socket.ssl_cipher = AES128-SHA by default
- socket.ssl_compression = yes by default
Other questions
Will IST be encrypted if I set the above settings?
Yes, according to Codership, IST transfers use the same socket settings as regular group communication (gcomm).
Will SST be encrypted?
No, none of the default methods currently support SSL. However, SST is scriptable, so this technically shouldn’t be that difficult to add. We’d welcome some open source contribution in this space for encrypted versions of (or just enhancements to) the current SST scripts.
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